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Input/Output

3.1 Input methods​

Nazariya​

Input - bu foydalanuvchi yoki boshqa dasturlardan ma'lumot olish jarayoni. Bash da turli usullar mavjud:

Input turlari:

  • Interactive input - read buyrug'i orqali
  • Command line arguments - script ga uzatilgan parametrlar
  • File input - fayllardan ma'lumot o'qish
  • Pipeline input - boshqa buyruqlardan ma'lumot olish
  • Environment variables - tizim o'zgaruvchilaridan

Amaliyot​

#!/bin/bash

# =====================================
# BASIC READ OPERATIONS
# =====================================

basic_input_demo() {
    echo "=== Asosiy Input Misollari ==="
    
    # Oddiy input
    echo "Ismingizni kiriting:"
    read user_name
    echo "Salom, $user_name!"
    echo
    
    # Bir qatorda so'rash
    read -p "Yoshingizni kiriting: " user_age
    echo "Siz $user_age yoshdasiz"
    echo
    
    # Maxfiy input (parol)
    read -s -p "Parolni kiriting: " user_password
    echo  # Yangi qator
    echo "Parol uzunligi: ${#user_password} belgi"
    echo
    
    # Timeout bilan input
    echo "10 soniya ichida ismingizni kiriting:"
    if read -t 10 -p "Ism: " timed_name; then
        echo "Rahmat, $timed_name!"
    else
        echo "Vaqt tugadi! Default ism ishlatiladi."
        timed_name="Anonymous"
    fi
    echo
}

# =====================================
# MULTIPLE INPUT VALUES
# =====================================

multiple_input_demo() {
    echo "=== Ko'p Qiymatli Input ==="
    
    # Bir nechta qiymat bir vaqtda
    echo "Ism va familiyangizni kiriting (bo'shliq bilan ajrating):"
    read first_name last_name
    echo "To'liq ism: $first_name $last_name"
    echo
    
    # Array ga o'qish
    echo "Sevimli ranglaringizni kiriting (bo'shliq bilan ajrating):"
    read -a colors
    echo "Siz ${#colors[@]} ta rang kirtingiz:"
    for i in "${!colors[@]}"; do
        echo "  $((i+1)). ${colors[i]}"
    done
    echo
    
    # Butun qatorni o'qish
    echo "Uzun matn kiriting:"
    read -r full_line
    echo "Siz yozdingiz: $full_line"
    echo
}

# =====================================
# COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
# =====================================

command_args_demo() {
    echo "=== Command Line Arguments ==="
    echo "Script nomi: $0"
    echo "Argumentlar soni: $#"
    echo
    
    if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
        echo "Hech qanday argument berilmagan"
        echo "Ishlatish: $0 <arg1> <arg2> ..."
        return
    fi
    
    echo "Barcha argumentlar: $*"
    echo "Argumentlar (array): $@"
    echo
    
    # Har bir argumentni alohida ko'rsatish
    for i in $(seq 1 $#); do
        echo "Argument $i: ${!i}"
    done
    echo
    
    # Argumentlar ustida tsikl
    echo "Argumentlar ustida tsikl:"
    for arg in "$@"; do
        echo "  - $arg"
    done
    echo
}

# =====================================
# ADVANCED INPUT VALIDATION
# =====================================

validated_input_demo() {
    echo "=== Validatsiya bilan Input ==="
    
    # Raqam kiritishni majburlash
    while true; do
        read -p "Yoshingizni kiriting (raqam): " age_input
        if [[ "$age_input" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] && [[ $age_input -ge 1 ]] && [[ $age_input -le 120 ]]; then
            echo "✅ To'g'ri yosh: $age_input"
            break
        else
            echo "❌ Iltimos, 1-120 oralig'ida raqam kiriting"
        fi
    done
    echo
    
    # Email validatsiyasi
    while true; do
        read -p "Email manzilingizni kiriting: " email_input
        if [[ "$email_input" =~ ^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$ ]]; then
            echo "✅ To'g'ri email: $email_input"
            break
        else
            echo "❌ Iltimos, to'g'ri email format kiriting"
        fi
    done
    echo
    
    # Choice selection
    echo "Sevimli dasturlash tilini tanlang:"
    echo "1) Python"
    echo "2) JavaScript"
    echo "3) Java"
    echo "4) C++"
    
    while true; do
        read -p "Tanlovingiz (1-4): " choice
        case $choice in
            1) echo "✅ Python - ajoyib tanlov!"; break ;;
            2) echo "✅ JavaScript - zamonaviy til!"; break ;;
            3) echo "✅ Java - kuchli til!"; break ;;
            4) echo "✅ C++ - tezkor til!"; break ;;
            *) echo "❌ Iltimos, 1-4 oralig'ida raqam kiriting" ;;
        esac
    done
    echo
}

# =====================================
# FILE INPUT
# =====================================

file_input_demo() {
    echo "=== File dan Input ==="
    
    # Test fayl yaratish
    cat > test_data.txt << EOF
Ahmad Karimov 25
Dilshod Umarov 30
Madina Tosheva 28
Jasur Aliyev 35
EOF
    
    echo "Fayl tarkibi:"
    cat test_data.txt
    echo
    
    # Faylni qatorma-qator o'qish
    echo "Fayldan ma'lumot o'qish:"
    while IFS= read -r line; do
        # Har bir qatorni bo'laklarga ajratish
        read -r name surname age <<< "$line"
        echo "Ism: $name, Familiya: $surname, Yosh: $age"
    done < test_data.txt
    echo
    
    # CSV fayl bilan ishlash
    cat > users.csv << EOF
name,age,city
Ahmad,25,Toshkent
Dilshod,30,Samarqand
Madina,28,Buxoro
EOF
    
    echo "CSV fayl bilan ishlash:"
    # Header ni o'qish
    IFS=',' read -r col1 col2 col3 < users.csv
    echo "Ustunlar: $col1, $col2, $col3"
    
    # Ma'lumotlarni o'qish
    tail -n +2 users.csv | while IFS=',' read -r name age city; do
        echo "👤 $name ($age yosh, $city)"
    done
    echo
    
    # Cleanup
    rm -f test_data.txt users.csv
}

# =====================================
# INTERACTIVE MENU SYSTEM
# =====================================

interactive_menu_demo() {
    echo "=== Interaktiv Menu ==="
    
    while true; do
        echo
        echo "╔══════════════════════════════════════╗"
        echo "║           ASOSIY MENU                ║"
        echo "╠══════════════════════════════════════╣"
        echo "║ 1. Tizim ma'lumotlari                ║"
        echo "║ 2. Disk joy ko'rsatish               ║"
        echo "║ 3. Jarayonlar ro'yxati              ║"
        echo "║ 4. Network holatini tekshirish       ║"
        echo "║ 5. Chiqish                          ║"
        echo "╚══════════════════════════════════════╝"
        echo
        
        read -p "Tanlovingizni kiriting (1-5): " menu_choice
        
        case $menu_choice in
            1)
                echo "📊 Tizim ma'lumotlari:"
                echo "   OS: $(uname -o)"
                echo "   Kernel: $(uname -r)"
                echo "   Uptime: $(uptime -p)"
                ;;
            2)
                echo "💾 Disk joy:"
                df -h | head -5
                ;;
            3)
                echo "⚙️  Top 5 jarayonlar:"
                ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -6
                ;;
            4)
                echo "🌐 Network holati:"
                if ping -c 1 google.com &>/dev/null; then
                    echo "✅ Internet mavjud"
                else
                    echo "❌ Internet mavjud emas"
                fi
                ;;
            5)
                echo "👋 Xayr!"
                break
                ;;
            *)
                echo "❌ Noto'g'ri tanlov. Iltimos, 1-5 oralig'ida raqam kiriting."
                ;;
        esac
        
        read -p "Davom etish uchun Enter bosing..."
    done
}

# Test all functions
if [[ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]]; then
    basic_input_demo
    multiple_input_demo
    command_args_demo
    validated_input_demo
    file_input_demo
    interactive_menu_demo
fi

3.2 Output methods​

Nazariya​

Output - bu ma'lumotlarni foydalanuvchiga yoki boshqa dasturlarga uzatish jarayoni. Bash da turli formatlar va yo'nalishlar mavjud.

Output turlari:

  • Standard output (stdout) - oddiy natijalar
  • Standard error (stderr) - xato xabarlari
  • File output - fayllarga yozish
  • Formatted output - maxsus formatda chiqarish
  • Colored output - rangli matn

Amaliyot​

#!/bin/bash

# =====================================
# BASIC OUTPUT METHODS
# =====================================

basic_output_demo() {
    echo "=== Asosiy Output Usullari ==="
    
    # echo buyrug'i
    echo "Oddiy matn"
    echo "Ikki qator" "bitta echo da"
    echo -n "Yangi qatorsiz "
    echo "davomi"
    echo -e "Maxsus belgilar:\nYangi qator\tTab\aBeep"
    echo
    
    # printf buyrug'i (formatli)
    printf "Formatli chiqarish:\n"
    printf "Ism: %s, Yosh: %d, Baho: %.2f\n" "Ahmad" 25 98.75
    printf "Raqam formatlash: %05d\n" 42
    printf "Protsent: %d%%\n" 85
    echo
}

# =====================================
# COLORED OUTPUT
# =====================================

colored_output_demo() {
    echo "=== Rangli Output ==="
    
    # ANSI color codes
    RED='\033[0;31m'
    GREEN='\033[0;32m'
    YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
    BLUE='\033[0;34m'
    PURPLE='\033[0;35m'
    CYAN='\033[0;36m'
    WHITE='\033[1;37m'
    NC='\033[0m' # No Color
    
    echo -e "${RED}Bu qizil matn${NC}"
    echo -e "${GREEN}Bu yashil matn${NC}"
    echo -e "${YELLOW}Bu sariq matn${NC}"
    echo -e "${BLUE}Bu ko'k matn${NC}"
    echo
    
    # Background colors
    echo -e "\033[41mQizil fon\033[0m"
    echo -e "\033[42mYashil fon\033[0m"
    echo -e "\033[44mKo'k fon\033[0m"
    echo
    
    # Styled text
    echo -e "\033[1mQalin matn\033[0m"
    echo -e "\033[4mPastiga chizilgan\033[0m"
    echo -e "\033[5mMiltillovchi matn\033[0m"
    echo
}

# =====================================
# FORMATTED TABLES
# =====================================

formatted_table_demo() {
    echo "=== Formatted Jadvallar ==="
    
    # Simple table
    printf "%-15s %-8s %-12s\n" "ISM" "YOSH" "SHAHAR"
    printf "%-15s %-8s %-12s\n" "---------------" "--------" "------------"
    printf "%-15s %-8d %-12s\n" "Ahmad Karimov" 25 "Toshkent"
    printf "%-15s %-8d %-12s\n" "Dilshod Umarov" 30 "Samarqand"
    printf "%-15s %-8d %-12s\n" "Madina Tosheva" 28 "Buxoro"
    echo
    
    # Box drawing characters
    echo "╔═══════════════╦════════╦════════════╗"
    echo "║      ISM      ║  YOSH  ║   SHAHAR   ║"
    echo "╠═══════════════╬════════╬════════════╣"
    echo "║ Ahmad Karimov ║   25   ║  Toshkent  ║"
    echo "║ Dilshod Umarov║   30   ║ Samarqand  ║"
    echo "║ Madina Tosheva║   28   ║   Buxoro   ║"
    echo "╚═══════════════╩════════╩════════════╝"
    echo
}

# =====================================
# PROGRESS INDICATORS
# =====================================

progress_demo() {
    echo "=== Progress Ko'rsatkichlari ==="
    
    # Simple progress bar
    echo "Yuklanmoqda..."
    for i in {1..20}; do
        printf "█"
        sleep 0.1
    done
    echo " 100%"
    echo
    
    # Percentage progress
    echo "Protsent ko'rsatkichi:"
    for i in {0..100..10}; do
        printf "\rJarayon: %d%% " $i
        printf "["
        
        # Progress bar
        for ((j=0; j<i/2; j++)); do printf "="; done
        for ((j=i/2; j<50; j++)); do printf " "; done
        printf "]"
        
        sleep 0.2
    done
    echo
    echo
    
    # Spinner
    echo "Kutib turing..."
    spinner='|/-\'
    for i in {1..20}; do
        printf "\r${spinner:i%4:1} Ishlanmoqda..."
        sleep 0.2
    done
    echo -e "\r✅ Tugadi!                "
    echo
}

# =====================================
# LOGGING AND TIMESTAMPS
# =====================================

logging_demo() {
    echo "=== Logging va Timestamps ==="
    
    # Log levels
    log_info() {
        echo -e "\033[32m[INFO]\033[0m $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') $*"
    }
    
    log_warn() {
        echo -e "\033[33m[WARN]\033[0m $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') $*"
    }
    
    log_error() {
        echo -e "\033[31m[ERROR]\033[0m $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') $*" >&2
    }
    
    log_debug() {
        if [[ "${DEBUG:-false}" == "true" ]]; then
            echo -e "\033[36m[DEBUG]\033[0m $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') $*"
        fi
    }
    
    # Log misollari
    log_info "Application ishga tushdi"
    log_warn "Konfiguratsiya fayli topilmadi, default qiymatlar ishlatiladi"
    log_error "Database ga ulanib bo'lmadi"
    DEBUG=true log_debug "Variable qiymati: username=admin"
    echo
}

# =====================================
# FILE OUTPUT OPERATIONS
# =====================================

file_output_demo() {
    echo "=== File ga Output ==="
    
    # Create test directory
    mkdir -p output_test
    cd output_test
    
    # Simple file writing
    echo "Bu matn faylga yoziladi" > simple.txt
    echo "Bu qo'shiladi" >> simple.txt
    
    # Multi-line output
    cat > config.txt << EOF
# Application Configuration
app_name=MyApp
version=1.0.0
debug=true
port=8080
EOF
    
    # CSV file creation
    cat > users.csv << 'CSV'
name,age,email
Ahmad,25,ahmad@example.com
Dilshod,30,dilshod@example.com
Madina,28,madina@example.com
CSV
    
    # JSON output
    cat > data.json << 'JSON'
{
    "users": [
        {"name": "Ahmad", "age": 25},
        {"name": "Dilshod", "age": 30}
    ],
    "total": 2
}
JSON
    
    # Show created files
    echo "Yaratilgan fayllar:"
    ls -la
    echo
    echo "simple.txt tarkibi:"
    cat simple.txt
    echo
    
    # Cleanup
    cd ..
    rm -rf output_test
}

# =====================================
# REAL-WORLD OUTPUT EXAMPLES
# =====================================

system_report_demo() {
    echo "=== Tizim Hisoboti ==="
    
    # Header
    echo "╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗"
    echo "║                    TIZIM HISOBOTI                          ║"
    echo "║                $(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')                    ║"
    echo "╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝"
    echo
    
    # System info
    printf "%-20s: %s\n" "Tizim" "$(uname -o)"
    printf "%-20s: %s\n" "Kernel" "$(uname -r)"
    printf "%-20s: %s\n" "Arxitektura" "$(uname -m)"
    printf "%-20s: %s\n" "Hostname" "$(hostname)"
    printf "%-20s: %s\n" "Uptime" "$(uptime -p)"
    echo
    
    # Resource usage
    echo "💾 RESURS ISHLATILISHI:"
    echo "────────────────────────"
    
    # Memory
    local mem_info=$(free -h | awk '/^Mem:/ {print $3 "/" $2}')
    printf "%-15s: %s\n" "RAM" "$mem_info"
    
    # Disk
    local disk_info=$(df -h / | awk 'NR==2 {print $3 "/" $2 " (" $5 ")"}')
    printf "%-15s: %s\n" "Disk (root)" "$disk_info"
    
    # CPU Load
    local load_avg=$(uptime | awk -F'load average:' '{print $2}')
    printf "%-15s:%s\n" "Load Average" "$load_avg"
    echo
    
    # Process count
    echo "⚙️  JARAYONLAR:"
    echo "──────────────"
    printf "%-15s: %d\n" "Jami" "$(ps aux | wc -l)"
    printf "%-15s: %d\n" "Foydalanuvchi" "$(ps -u $USER | wc -l)"
    printf "%-15s: %d\n" "Running" "$(ps aux | awk '$8=="R"' | wc -l)"
    printf "%-15s: %d\n" "Sleeping" "$(ps aux | awk '$8=="S"' | wc -l)"
    echo
    
    # Network
    echo "🌐 NETWORK:"
    echo "────────────"
    if ping -c 1 google.com &>/dev/null; then
        echo "✅ Internet ulanishi: Faol"
    else
        echo "❌ Internet ulanishi: Faol emas"
    fi
    
    local ip_addr=$(hostname -I | awk '{print $1}')
    printf "%-15s: %s\n" "IP Address" "${ip_addr:-N/A}"
    echo
}

# Test all functions
if [[ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]]; then
    basic_output_demo
    colored_output_demo
    formatted_table_demo
    progress_demo
    logging_demo
    file_output_demo
    system_report_demo
fi